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Many theories focus on the role of disturbances in memory (i.e., problems with memory formation, retrieval, bias, saliency, etc.), and argue that alterations in the normal processes of memory are key to understanding the development and maintenance of PTSD.

5-7 Development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and the Rationale for Preventing It With Early Intervention These studies all showed that exposure to traumatic events was common, with lifetime prevalence ranging from 39 to 84 percent. 4 Several studies have examined the prevalence of traumatic events among college students.

Not surprisingly, studies among groups at risk of occupational exposure to trauma, such as police officers, firefighters, and military service members, have shown high rates of trauma exposure. Most of the research has focused on assessing the burden of trauma in different populations. The National Comorbidity Survey 3 indicated that 60 percent of men and 51 percent of women reported experiencing at least one traumatic event in their lifetimes. 2 found that lifetime exposure to any type of traumatic event was 69 percent in a sample of 4,008 adult U.S. Studies conducted in the 1990s attempted to identify and describe the prevalence of traumatic events in nonclinical samples.

Disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of function.

Duration of disturbance symptoms is more than 1 monthĬriterion F: Clinically significant distress or impairment.

Loss of interest or participation in significant activities.

Failure to recall an important aspect of trauma.

Avoidance of activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of trauma.

Avoidance of thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with trauma.

Physiological reaction to internal or external remindersĬriterion C: Persistent avoidance and numbing (three or more).

Distress at internal or external reminders of the trauma.

Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring.

Recurrent distressing dreams of the event.

Intense response of fear, helplessness, or horrorĬriterion B: Re-experiencing symptoms: (one or more).

Traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death, serious injury, or threat to physical integrity.

Diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV-TR) for post-traumatic stress disorder

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1 The full DSM-IV-TR criteria are listed in Table 1. Traumatic events may include military combat, violent personal assault, being taken hostage, a terrorist attack, torture, natural or manmade disasters, and being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. 1 The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of PTSD also requires that the person’s response to the event involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror.

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The fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV-TR) defines a traumatic event as an event experienced, witnessed, or confronted by a person that involves (a) actual or threatened death, (b) serious injury, or (c) a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.

Studies suggest that individuals experience a broad range of traumatic events throughout their lives and that the frequency of these events may vary by the group studied, for example, civilian versus noncivilian samples. Background and Objectives for the Systematic Review